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Adapting to changes in context

Maintain focus on the current content during context changes. Content is your highest priority. Changing focus when the environment changes can be disorienting and frustrating, and can make people feel like they’ve lost control of the app.

Avoid gratuitous layout changes. When someone rotates a device, the entire layout doesn’t have to change. For example, if your app shows a grid of images in portrait mode, it doesn’t have to present the same images as a list in landscape mode. Instead, it might simply adjust the dimensions of the grid. Try to maintain a comparable experience in all contexts.

Auto layout

Auto Layout is a development tool for constructing adaptive interfaces. Using Auto Layout, you can define rules (known as constraints) that govern the content in your app. For example, you can constrain a button so it’s always horizontally centered and positioned eight points below an image, regardless of the available screen space.

Auto Layout automatically readjusts layouts according to the specified constraints when certain environmental variations (known as traits) are detected. You can set your app to dynamically adapt to a wide range of traits, including:

For developer guidance, see Auto Layout Guide and UITraitCollection.

Device screen sizes and orientations

iOS devices have a variety of screen sizes and can be used in either portrait or landscape orientation. In edge-to-edge devices like iPhone X and iPad Pro, the display has rounded corners that closely match the device’s overall dimensions. Other devices — such as iPhone SE and iPad Air — have a rectangular display.

If your app runs on a specific device, make sure it runs on every screen size for that device. In other words, an iPhone-only app must run on every iPhone screen size and an iPad-only app must run on every iPad screen size.

NOTE All scale factors in the table above are UIKit scale factors, which may differ from native scale factors. For developer guidance, see scale and nativeScale.

To learn how screen resolution impacts your app’s artwork, see Image Size and Resolution.

Device size classes

Different size class combinations apply to the full-screen experience on different devices, based on screen size.

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Layout guides and safe area

Layout guides define rectangular regions that don’t actually appear visibly onscreen, but aid with the positioning, alignment, and spacing of content. The system includes predefined layout guides that make it easy to apply standard margins around content and restrict the width of text for optimal readability. You can also define custom layout guides.

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Multitasking size classes

On iPad, size classes also apply when your app runs in a multitasking configuration.

Ensure that primary content is clear at its default size. People shouldn’t have to scroll horizontally to read important text, or zoom to see primary images, unless they choose to change the size.

Maintain an overall consistent appearance throughout your app. In general, elements with similar functions should look similar.

Use visual weight and balance to convey importance. Large items catch the eye and appear more important than smaller ones. Larger items are also easier to tap, which is especially important when an app is used in distracting surroundings, such as in the kitchen or a gym.

Use alignment to ease scanning and to communicate organization and hierarchy. Alignment makes an app look neat and organized, helps people focus while scrolling, and makes it easier to find information. Indentation and alignment can also indicate how groups of content are related.

Size classes

Size classes are traits that are automatically assigned to content areas based on their size. The system defines two size classes, regular (denotes expansive space) and compact (denotes constrained space), which describe the height and width of a view.

A view may possess any combination of size classes: